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The small letters at the base of the matrix are founders marks. Punchcutting is a craft used in traditional typography to cut letter punches in steel as the first stage of making metal type. [1] Steel punches in the shape of the letter would be used to stamp matrices into copper, which were locked into a mould shape to cast type.
The technique of imprinting multiple copies of symbols or glyphs with a master type punch made of hard metal first developed around 3000 BC in ancient Sumer.These metal punch types can be seen as precursors of the letter punches adapted in later millennia to printing with movable metal type.
A hole punch, also known as hole puncher, or paper puncher, is an office tool that is used to create holes in sheets of paper, often for the purpose of collecting the sheets in a binder or folder (such collected sheets are called loose leaves).
The standard method to make a matrix was to drive a steel punch in the shape of the type to be made into soft copper. [10] The matrix could then be cleaned up and cut down to the width of the letter to be cast: this is called "justification" and sets the width of the letter when cast. A matrix that has not yet been justified is called a "strike".
A center punch is used to mark the center of a point. It is usually used to mark the center of a hole when drilling holes. A drill has the tendency to "wander" if it does not start in a recess. A center punch forms a large enough dimple to "guide" the tip of the drill. The tip of a center punch has an angle between 60 and 90 degrees. [1]
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The punch force required to punch a piece of sheet metal can be estimated from the following equation: [4] F = 0.7 t L ( U T S ) {\displaystyle F=0.7tL(UTS)} Where t is the sheet metal thickness, L is the total length sheared (perimeter of the shape), and UTS is the ultimate tensile strength of the material.
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