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In the empirical sciences, the so-called three-sigma rule of thumb (or 3 σ rule) expresses a conventional heuristic that nearly all values are taken to lie within three standard deviations of the mean, and thus it is empirically useful to treat 99.7% probability as near certainty.
Most analytical instruments produce a signal even when a blank (matrix without analyte) is analyzed.This signal is referred to as the noise level. The instrument detection limit (IDL) is the analyte concentration that is required to produce a signal greater than three times the standard deviation of the noise level.
A tolerance interval (TI) is a statistical interval within which, with some confidence level, a specified sampled proportion of a population falls. "More specifically, a 100×p%/100×(1−α) tolerance interval provides limits within which at least a certain proportion (p) of the population falls with a given level of confidence (1−α)."
The very ambiguous terms percent solution and percentage solutions with no other qualifiers continue to occasionally be encountered. In thermal engineering, vapor quality is used for the mass fraction of vapor in the steam. In alloys, especially those of noble metals, the term fineness is used for the mass fraction of the noble metal in the alloy.
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Dick Van Dyke is reflecting on his lucky escape from the Malibu, Calif., wildfires. The screen legend, who turns 99 on Friday, Dec. 13., told a local news outlet that his neighbors “saved” him ...
The 4-by-2 foot oil painting was unveiled to celebrate Maloney’s “iconic legacy as a champion” of 9/11 heroes and their families, including authoring a bill that secured billions of dollars ...
Caesium carbonate can be prepared by thermal decomposition of caesium oxalate. [3] Upon heating, caesium oxalate is converted to caesium carbonate with emission of carbon monoxide. Cs 2 C 2 O 4 → Cs 2 CO 3 + CO. It can also be synthesized by reacting caesium hydroxide with carbon dioxide. [3] 2 CsOH + CO 2 → Cs 2 CO 3 + H 2 O