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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), or abrineurin, [5] is a protein [6] that, in humans, is encoded by the BDNF gene. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] BDNF is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, which are related to the canonical nerve growth factor (NGF), a family which also includes NT-3 and NT-4 /NT-5.
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB system promotes thymocyte survival, as studied in the thymus of mice. [8] Other experiments suggest BDNF is more important and necessary for neuronal survival than other factors. [ 5 ]
According to the United States National Library of Medicine's medical subject headings, the term neurotrophin may be used as a synonym for neurotrophic factor, [5] but the term neurotrophin is more generally reserved for four structurally related factors: nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4). [6]
Neurotrophic factors are biomolecules – nearly all of which are peptides or small proteins – that support the growth, survival, and differentiation of both developing and mature neurons. [2] [3] [4] Examples of notable neurotrophic factors include: Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)
The first discovered non-protein neurotrophic natural product was lactacystin, isolated from a culture broth of Streptomyces sp. [40] Magnolol and honokiol, the main constituents of Magnolia officinalis and Magnolia obovata stem bark, have been reported to have neurotrophic activity in primary cultured rat cortical by enhancing the BDNF expression.
IGF-1 is a peptide and neurotrophic factor that mediates some of the effects of growth hormone; [53] IGF-1 elicits its physiological effects by binding to a specific receptor tyrosine kinase, the IGF-1 receptor, to control tissue growth and remodeling. [53] In the brain, IGF-1 functions as a neurotrophic factor that, like BDNF, plays a ...
Oligodendrocytes interact closely with nerve cells and provide trophic support by the production of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). [28] They may also directly provide metabolites to neurons, as described by the lactate shuttle hypothesis. [29 ...
Recent research has shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor 1 are key mediators of exercise-induced neurogenesis. [118] [119] Exercise increases the production of BDNF, as well as the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor. [118]