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  2. Tuple relational calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuple_relational_calculus

    Since the calculus is a query language for relational databases we first have to define a relational database. The basic relational building block is the domain (somewhat similar, but not equal to, a data type). A tuple is a finite sequence of attributes, which are ordered pairs of domains and values. A relation is a set of (compatible) tuples ...

  3. Relational calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_calculus

    The raison d'être of relational calculus is the formalization of query optimization, which is finding more efficient manners to execute the same query in a database. The relational calculus is similar to the relational algebra, which is also part of the relational model: While the relational calculus is meant as a declarative language that ...

  4. QUEL query languages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUEL_query_languages

    QUEL is a relational database query language, based on tuple relational calculus, with some similarities to SQL.It was created as a part of the Ingres DBMS effort at University of California, Berkeley, based on Codd's earlier suggested but not implemented Data Sub-Language ALPHA.

  5. Relational model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_model

    The relational model (RM) is an approach to managing data using a structure and language consistent with first-order predicate logic, first described in 1969 by English computer scientist Edgar F. Codd, [1] [2] where all data is represented in terms of tuples, grouped into relations.

  6. Relational algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_algebra

    The relational algebra uses set union, set difference, and Cartesian product from set theory, and adds additional constraints to these operators to create new ones.. For set union and set difference, the two relations involved must be union-compatible—that is, the two relations must have the same set of attributes.

  7. Codd's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codd's_theorem

    Codd's theorem states that relational algebra and the domain-independent relational calculus queries, two well-known foundational query languages for the relational model, are precisely equivalent in expressive power. That is, a database query can be formulated in one language if and only if it can be expressed in the other.

  8. Relation (database) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relation_(database)

    A relational database consists of named relation variables (relvars) for the purposes of updating the database in response to changes in the real world. An update to a single relvar causes the body of the relation assigned to that variable to be replaced by a different set of tuples.

  9. SQL - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL

    SQL deviates in several ways from its theoretical foundation, the relational model and its tuple calculus. In that model, a table is a set of tuples, while in SQL, tables and query results are lists of rows; the same row may occur multiple times, and the order of rows can be employed in queries (e.g., in the LIMIT clause).