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Natalie Beck and Jennifer Wong in their 2020 paper "A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Wilderness Therapy on Delinquent Behaviors Among Youth" offer three models of wilderness therapy: an expedition model, generally lasting for less than 8 weeks; a base camp model, where clients stay at a central location but engage in "short wilderness excursions"; and a long-term model, where clients engage ...
The troubled teen industry has a precursor in the drug rehabilitation program called Synanon, founded in 1958 by Charles Dederich. [11] By the late 1970s, Synanon had developed into a cult and adopted a resolution proclaiming the Synanon Religion, with Dederich as the highest spiritual authority, allowing the organization to qualify as tax-exempt under US law.
The company owned and operated several therapeutic boarding schools licensed as group homes, wilderness therapy programs, [1] and behavior modification programs in California and Idaho. The company's schools have faced numerous allegations of abuse. [2] [3] CEDU went out of business in 2005, amid lawsuits and state regulatory crackdowns. [4] [5]
The programs have been the subject of legal investigations by several U.S. states. [40] In 2003, a reporter for The New York Times interviewed 60 current and former program participants and parents; some gave positive reports of their experiences, while other participants and parents said that WWASPS programs were abusive. [2]
Teenagers have been participating in tough love behavior modification programs by force or coercion since the 1960s. [4] Many of these programs take place in the wilderness in the style of military recruit training (also known as boot camps) and the teenagers are subjected to rigid discipline, including mandatory marches, physical abuse, solitary confinement, and deprivation of food and sleep.
Aspen Achievement Academy has been a subject of several media reports and works of popular culture: The 1999 book Shouting at the Sky: Troubled Teens and the Promise of the Wild by Gary Ferguson, ISBN 0-312-20008-0 recounts the author's experiences and observations during several months he spent in the wilderness with teens at Aspen Achievement Academy.
Farm & Wilderness, also known as F&W, is a system of 5 ACA-accredited Quaker-inspired summer camps for kids and summer programs for teens rooted in social justice, environmental sustainability, homegrown fun, and wilderness adventure situated in and around Plymouth, Vermont.
Camp Fire, formerly Camp Fire USA and originally Camp Fire Girls of America, is a co-ed youth development organization. [1] [2] Camp Fire was the first nonsectarian, multicultural organization for girls in America. [3] It is now gender-inclusive, and its programs emphasize camping and other outdoor activities. [4]