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Consequently, the structure of the granules becomes reinforced and can expand to two or three times their original volume. This expansion, or "swelling," of the granules can lead to blockage or significant damage to the blast furnace, highlighting the challenges associated with using pellets in blast furnace operations. [15]
The Chinese are thought to have skipped the bloomery process completely, starting with the blast furnace and the finery forge to produce wrought iron; by the fifth century BC, metalworkers in the southern state of Wu had invented the blast furnace and the means to both cast iron and to decarburize the carbon-rich pig iron produced in a blast ...
Cast iron development lagged in Europe because wrought iron was the desired product and the intermediate step of producing cast iron involved an expensive blast furnace and further refining of pig iron to cast iron, which then required a labor and capital intensive conversion to wrought iron. [11]
Blast furnaces are currently rarely used in copper smelting, but modern lead smelting blast furnaces are much shorter than iron blast furnaces and are rectangular in shape. [76] Modern lead blast furnaces are constructed using water-cooled steel or copper jackets for the walls, and have no refractory linings in the side walls. [77]
Typically, the feedstock was fed into a water jacket furnace through a sliding door arrangement in the side of the upper furnace structure, [17] [4] but not via the top itself as in a blast furnace for iron. At the top of a water jacket furnace there was a fixed flue. The off-gas was not suitable to be recycled as a fuel, as is done in a blast ...
[L 2] In these furnaces, iron ores were roasted to obtain the opposite result to the one we're looking for now: in 1895, roasting was carried out at low temperatures to avoid aggregation, and to obtain friable ore. [L 3] At the time, ore roasting furnaces were tanks inspired by blast furnaces and lime kilns, and were not very productive tools. [2]
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The coking plant that feeds a battery of blast furnaces is just as expensive as the blast furnace and requires a specific quality of coal. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] Conversely, many direct-reduction processes are disadvantaged by the costly transformation of ore into pellets: these cost on average 70% more than raw ore. [ 65 ]