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The Duke of Parma and Piacenza (Italian: duca di Parma e Piacenza) was the ruler of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza, a historical state of Northern Italy. It was created by Pope Paul III (Alessandro Farnese) for his son Pier Luigi Farnese . [ 1 ]
The Duke of Parma started feeling the first effects of oedema after the failed siege of Bergen op Zoom. [44] He had to go to the town of Spa to treat his illness for nearly six months. [ 45 ] During this time, the Old Tercio of Lombardy had mutinied and Farnese ordered that it be dissolved. [ 46 ]
Duke Robert I and his mother, the regent Louise d'Artois, in 1854. On March 27, the duke's widow, Louise-Marie, announced the death of her husband and the ascension of her son, Robert I, to the position of sovereign, with herself assuming the role of regent. To facilitate the alleviation of existing tensions, all ministers were replaced.
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A French army came to protect Parma, the War of Parma broke out, and Gonzaga at once laid siege to the city. But the duke came to an arrangement with his father-in-law, by which he regained Piacenza and his other fiefs. The rest of his life was spent quietly at home, where the moderation and wisdom of his rule won for him the affection of his ...
Born in Florence, Robert was the elder son of Charles III, Duke of Parma and Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois, daughter of Charles Ferdinand, duc de Berry and granddaughter of King Charles X of France. He succeeded his father to the ducal throne in 1854 upon the latter's assassination, when he was only six, while his mother stood as regent.