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Woodcut of an indulgence-seller in a church from a 1521 pamphlet Johann Tetzel's coffer, now on display at St. Nicholaus church in Jüterbog, Germany. Martin Luther, professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg and town preacher, [3] wrote the Ninety-five Theses against the contemporary practice of the church with respect to indulgences.
The theses were published both in Latin and German and their number corresponds to the 95 Theses of Martin Luther. The title alludes to the Book of Ecclesiastes in the Old Testament: "The words of the wise are like goads, their collected sayings like firmly embedded nails — given by one Shepherd" (Ecclesiastes 12:11).
Summons for Luther to appear at the Diet of Worms signed by Emperor Charles V; the text on the left was on the reverse side.. In June 1520, Pope Leo X issued the Papal bull Exsurge Domine ("Arise, O Lord"), outlining 41 purported errors found in Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses and other writings related to or written by him.
The worldly excesses of the secular Renaissance church, epitomized by the era of Alexander VI (1492–1503), exploded in the Reformation under Pope Leo X (1513–1521), whose campaign to raise funds in the German states to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica by supporting sale of indulgences was a key impetus for Martin Luther's 95 Theses.
Since the 1980s, Lutheran denominations have repudiated Martin Luther's statements against the Jews [citation needed] and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against Lutherans. [ citation needed ] [ 269 ] [ 270 ] Strommen et al.'s 1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15–65 found that, compared to the other minority ...
Karlstadt, the dean of the Wittenberg theological faculty, felt that he had to defend Luther against Eck's critical commentary on the 95 Theses and so challenged Johann Eck, a professor of theology at the University of Ingolstadt, to a public debate concerning the doctrines of free will and grace.
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Therefore, the list of condemned propositions draws in large part upon the material with which Eck was personally familiar, including the 95 Theses, the lists of censures against Luther issued by the universities at Cologne and Leuven which Eck had brought with him to Rome, and Luther's Resolutiones [11] (a detailed exposition of the 95 Theses ...