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  2. Confirmation bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias

    Confirmation bias, a phrase coined by English psychologist Peter Wason, is the tendency of people to favor information that confirms or strengthens their beliefs or values and is difficult to dislodge once affirmed. [4] Confirmation biases are effects in information processing.

  3. List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

    Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, focus on and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions. [31] There are multiple other cognitive biases which involve or are types of confirmation bias: Backfire effect, a tendency to react to disconfirming evidence by strengthening one's previous beliefs. [32]

  4. Self-diagnosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-diagnosis

    Journalist and author Doreen Dodgen-Magee considers self-diagnosis tests to work due to confirmation bias, which was witnessed when there was a statistical increase in the number of teenage girls approaching their doctors with a concern they had Tourette syndrome after multiple videos naming broad symptoms as signs of Tourettes went viral on ...

  5. Cognitive bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias

    The Cognitive Bias Codex. A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. [1] Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world.

  6. Congruence bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congruence_bias

    Congruence bias is the tendency of people to over-rely on testing their initial hypothesis (the most congruent one) while neglecting to test alternative hypotheses. That is, people rarely try experiments that could disprove their initial belief, but rather try to repeat their initial results. It is a special case of the confirmation bias.

  7. Selective exposure theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_exposure_theory

    Selective exposure has also been known and defined as "congeniality bias" or "confirmation bias" in various texts throughout the years. [1] According to the historical use of the term, people tend to select specific aspects of exposed information which they incorporate into their mindset.

  8. Cognitive dissonance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance

    The confirmation bias is apparent when a person confronts deeply held political beliefs, i.e. when a person is greatly committed to their beliefs, values, and ideas. [56] If a contradiction occurs between how a person feels and how a person acts, one's perceptions and emotions align to alleviate stress.

  9. Semmelweis reflex - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semmelweis_reflex

    Confirmation bias is the tendency to favour information that is consistent with prior beliefs or values. [6] When Semmelweis introduced the handwashing proposal, the existing beliefs on disease transmission that other doctors held at that time included miasma theory, which suggests diseases were spread through “bad air”.