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  2. Barometric formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometric_formula

    = molar mass of Earth's air: 0.0289644 kg/mol The value of subscript b ranges from 0 to 6 in accordance with each of seven successive layers of the atmosphere shown in the table below. The reference value for ρ b for b = 0 is the defined sea level value, ρ 0 = 1.2250 kg/m 3 or 0.0023768908 slug/ft 3 .

  3. Geothermal gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_gradient

    Geothermal gradient is the rate of change in temperature with respect to increasing depth in Earth's interior. As a general rule, the crust temperature rises with depth due to the heat flow from the much hotter mantle ; away from tectonic plate boundaries , temperature rises in about 25–30 °C/km (72–87 °F/mi) of depth near the surface in ...

  4. Temperature gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_gradient

    A temperature gradient is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the temperature changes the most rapidly around a particular location. The temperature spatial gradient is a vector quantity with dimension of temperature difference per unit length. The SI unit is kelvin per meter (K/m).

  5. Atmospheric thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_thermodynamics

    Atmospheric thermodynamics is the study of heat-to-work transformations (and their reverse) that take place in the Earth's atmosphere and manifest as weather or climate. . Atmospheric thermodynamics use the laws of classical thermodynamics, to describe and explain such phenomena as the properties of moist air, the formation of clouds, atmospheric convection, boundary layer meteorology, and ...

  6. Atmospheric pressure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure

    Atmospheric pressure, also known as air pressure or barometric pressure (after the barometer), is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth. The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as 101,325 Pa (1,013.25 hPa ), which is equivalent to 1,013.25 millibars , [ 1 ] 760 mm Hg , 29.9212 inches Hg , or 14.696 psi . [ 2 ]

  7. Reference atmospheric model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_atmospheric_model

    Typical usages are as a basis for pressure altimeter calibrations, aircraft performance calculations, aircraft and rocket design, ballistic tables, and meteorological diagrams." [1] For example, the U.S. Standard Atmosphere derives the values for air temperature, pressure, and mass density, as a function of altitude above sea level.

  8. General circulation model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_circulation_model

    Pressure is used to compute the pressure gradient force in the time-dependent equation for the winds. OGCMs model the ocean (with fluxes from the atmosphere imposed) and may contain a sea ice model. For example, the standard resolution of HadOM3 is 1.25 degrees in latitude and longitude, with 20 vertical levels, leading to approximately ...

  9. Primitive equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_equations

    The pressure gradient force causes an acceleration forcing air from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure. Mathematically, this can be written as: =. The gravitational force accelerates objects at approximately 9.8 m/s 2 directly towards the center of the Earth.