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Murray Ralph Spiegel (1923-1991) was an author of textbooks on mathematics, including titles in a collection of Schaum's Outlines. [1] Spiegel was a native of Brooklyn and a graduate of New Utrecht High School. He received his bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics from Brooklyn College in 1943. He earned a master's degree in 1947 and ...
In vector calculus, Green's theorem relates a line integral around a simple closed curve C to a double integral over the plane region D (surface in ) bounded by C. It is the two-dimensional special case of Stokes' theorem (surface in R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} ).
Schaum's Outlines (/ ʃ ɔː m /) is a series of supplementary texts for American high school, AP, and college-level courses, currently published by McGraw-Hill Education Professional, a subsidiary of McGraw-Hill Education.
For a finite planar surface of scalar area S and unit normal n̂, the vector area S is defined as the unit normal scaled by the area: = ^. For an orientable surface S composed of a set S i of flat facet areas, the vector area of the surface is given by = ^ where n̂ i is the unit normal vector to the area S i.
Vector calculus or vector analysis is a branch of mathematics concerned with the differentiation and integration of vector fields, primarily in three-dimensional Euclidean space, . [1] The term vector calculus is sometimes used as a synonym for the broader subject of multivariable calculus, which spans vector calculus as well as partial differentiation and multiple integration.
Vector and tensor calculus in general curvilinear coordinates is used in tensor analysis on four-dimensional curvilinear manifolds in general relativity, [8] in the mechanics of curved shells, [6] in examining the invariance properties of Maxwell's equations which has been of interest in metamaterials [9] [10] and in many other fields.
Another method of deriving vector and tensor derivative identities is to replace all occurrences of a vector in an algebraic identity by the del operator, provided that no variable occurs both inside and outside the scope of an operator or both inside the scope of one operator in a term and outside the scope of another operator in the same term ...
In mathematics, vector algebra may mean: The operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication of a vector space; The algebraic operations in vector calculus (vector analysis) – including the dot and cross products of 3-dimensional Euclidean space; Algebra over a field – a vector space equipped with a bilinear product