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Wood grain is the longitudinal arrangement of wood fibers [1] or the pattern resulting from such an arrangement. [2] R. Bruce Hoadley wrote that grain is a "confusingly versatile term" with numerous different uses, including the direction of the wood cells (e.g., straight grain, spiral grain), surface appearance or figure, growth-ring placement (e.g., vertical grain), plane of the cut (e.g ...
grain The longitudinal fibers in wood. green wood Unseasoned wood or freshly harvested timber, usually with a high moisture content. grit The grade of particles in sandpaper or sharpening stones which determines the aggressiveness of the cut. groove A slot or channel made with the grain, usually on the end-grain in preparation for a tongue and ...
A block plane is frequently used for paring end grain. This is possible because a block plane has its blade set at a shallow bed angle, allowing the blade to slice through end grain more efficiently; furthermore, for this to work, the plane is frequently held at an angle sometimes as much as 45 degrees to the direction of travel, so that the cutting edge slices the wood fibers as they pass ...
End grain sealers are liquid products usually containing wax which helps prevent rapid drying of the ends of lumber resulting in splits. Metal end plates or S-shaped pieces of metal may be driven into the butt ends of a timber. Splitting is the primary reason building codes do not allow notching in the bottom of joists and beams.
A shooting board used to trim and square end grain A shooting board used for jointing (end view) A shooting board used for jointing (side view) A shooting board or shootboard is a jig for woodworking which is used in combination with a hand plane to trim and square up the edges and ends of boards. It is typically used on a workbench. A plank or ...
Unlike the rebate plane, the shoulder plane is intended to cut end grain. There are therefore differences between it and a rebate plane in the angles at which the iron (blade) is set. There is a more acute angle between the iron and the sole of the tool. The iron is set square across the tool rather than obliquely (skewed). The iron is set face ...
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The Tench, A History of British Fishes (1835), by William Yarrell. The terms "woodcut" and "wood engraving" were used interchangeably in the early and middle part of the 19th century, until the modern distinction emerged towards the end of the century, with confusion often extending into the 20th century among non-specialists.
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