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Ship stability is an area of naval architecture and ship design that deals with how a ship behaves at sea, both in still water and in waves, whether intact or damaged. Stability calculations focus on centers of gravity , centers of buoyancy , the metacenters of vessels, and on how these interact.
In the diagram above, the two Bs show the centres of buoyancy of a ship in the upright and heeled conditions. The metacentre, M, is considered to be fixed relative to the ship for small angles of heel; however, at larger angles the metacentre can no longer be considered fixed, and its actual location must be found to calculate the ship's stability.
Simpson's rules are used to calculate the volume of lifeboats, [6] and by surveyors to calculate the volume of sludge in a ship's oil tanks. For instance, in the latter, Simpson's 3rd rule is used to find the volume between two co-ordinates. To calculate the entire area / volume, Simpson's first rule is used. [7]
The Code for Intact Stability was first issued in 1993 under IMO resolution A.749(18)). [1]In 2008, the Code was updated by the IMO. [1]In December 2019, amendments to the Code were adopted that entered into force on 1 January 2020. [5]
An inclining test is a test performed on a ship to determine its stability, lightship weight and the coordinates of its center of gravity.The test is applied to newly constructed ships greater than 24m in length, and to ships altered in ways that could affect stability.
The stability conditions of watercraft are the various standard loading configurations to which a ship, boat, or offshore platform may be subjected. They are recognized by classification societies such as Det Norske Veritas , Lloyd's Register and American Bureau of Shipping (ABS).
The capsize screening formula (CSF) is a controversial method of establishing the ability of boats to resist capsizing. It is defined for sailboats as: Beam / ((Displacement/64.2) 1/3), with Displacement measured in pounds, and Beam in feet.
Initial stability or primary stability is the resistance of a boat to small changes in the difference between the vertical forces applied on its two sides. [1] The study of initial stability and secondary stability are part of naval architecture as applied to small watercraft (as distinct from the study of ship stability concerning large ships ).