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Luminous flux is often used as an objective measure of the useful light emitted by a light source, and is typically reported on the packaging for light bulbs, although it is not always prominent. Consumers commonly compare the luminous flux of different light bulbs since it provides an estimate of the apparent amount of light the bulb will ...
[11] [12] [13] Electron Multiplying CCD (EM-CCD) optimized for the detection of ultraweak light [14] have also been used to detect the bioluminescence produced by yeast cells at the onset of their growth. [15]
A high energy source of light is needed to 'pump' the liquid beyond its lasing threshold. A fast discharge flashtube or an external laser is usually used for this purpose. Mirrors are also needed to oscillate the light produced by the dye's fluorescence, which is amplified with each pass through the liquid. The output mirror is normally around ...
In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper advancing the hypothesis that light energy is carried in discrete quantized packets to explain experimental data from the photoelectric effect. Einstein theorized that the energy in each quantum of light was equal to the frequency of light multiplied by a constant, later called the Planck constant. A ...
The horizontal axis is wavelength in nm. Photometry is a branch of optics that deals with measuring light in terms of its perceived brightness to the human eye. [1] It is concerned with quantifying the amount of light that is emitted, transmitted, or received by an object or a system.
A photon (from Ancient Greek φῶς, φωτός (phôs, phōtós) 'light') is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force.
The mechanism of light creation is through a suborbital photophore that utilizes gland cells which produce exergonic chemical reactions that produce light with a longer, red wavelength. [74] The dragonfish species which produce the red light also produce blue light in photophore on the dorsal area. [ 74 ]
"Negative" uniaxial crystals (e.g., calcite CaCO 3, sapphire Al 2 O 3) have n e < n o so for these crystals, the extraordinary axis (optic axis) is the fast axis, whereas for "positive" uniaxial crystals (e.g., quartz SiO 2, magnesium fluoride MgF 2, rutile TiO 2), n e > n o and thus the extraordinary axis (optic axis) is the slow axis. Other ...