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In metallurgy, cold forming or cold working is any metalworking process in which metal is shaped below its recrystallization temperature, usually at the ambient temperature.. Such processes are contrasted with hot working techniques like hot rolling, forging, welding, etc. [1]: p.375 The same or similar terms are used in glassmaking for the equivalents; for example cut glass is made by "cold ...
The effects of cold working may be reversed by annealing the material at high temperatures where recovery and recrystallization reduce the dislocation density. A material's work hardenability can be predicted by analyzing a stress–strain curve , or studied in context by performing hardness tests before and after a process.
A tandem rolling mill is a rolling mill used to produce wire and sheet metal. It is composed of two or more close-coupled [clarification needed] stands, and uses tension between the stands as well as compressive force from work rolls [clarification needed] to reduce the thickness of steel. It was first patented by Richard Ford in 1766 in England.
Rolling mills Rolling mill for cold rolling metal sheet like this piece of brass sheet. Work rolls; Backup rolls – are intended to provide rigid support required by the working rolls to prevent bending under the rolling load; Rolling balance system – to ensure that the upper work and back up rolls are maintained in proper position relative ...
In work hardening (also referred to as strain hardening) the material is strained past its yield point, e.g. by cold working. Ductile metal becomes harder and stronger as it's physically deformed. The plastic straining generates new dislocations.
The most important industrial uses are softening of metals previously hardened or rendered brittle by cold work, and control of the grain structure in the final product. Recrystallization temperature is typically 0.3–0.4 times the melting point for pure metals and 0.5 times for alloys.
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Metal forming operations result in situations exposing the metal workpiece to stresses of reversed sign. The Bauschinger effect contributes to work softening of the workpiece, for example in straightening of drawn bars or rolled sheets, where rollers subject the workpiece to alternate bending stresses, thereby reducing the yield strength and enabling greater cold drawability of the workpiece.