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Measurement Lower limit Upper limit Unit Urinary specific gravity: 1.003 [1] [2]: 1.030 [1] [2]: g/mL Urobilinogen: 0.2 [2]: 1.0 [2]: Ehrlich units or mg/dL : Free catecholamines, dopamine ...
Crystals can be identified based on their appearance and the pH of the urine (many types preferentially form at an acidic or alkaline pH). [123] Crystals that can be found in normal urine include uric acid, monosodium urate, triple phosphate (ammonium magnesium phosphate), calcium oxalate, and calcium carbonate. [124]
Urine drug testing is one of the most common testing methods used. The enzyme-multiplied immune test is the most frequently used urinalysis. Complaints have been made about the relatively high rates of false positives using this test. [18] Urine drug tests screen the urine for the presence of a parent drug or its metabolites.
A urine test is any medical test performed on a urine specimen. The analysis of urine is a valuable diagnostic tool because its composition reflects the functioning of many body systems, particularly the kidneys and urinary system , and specimens are easy to obtain. [ 1 ]
The normal number of red blood cells in urine should not usually exceed 3 per high power field. [13] A urine test strip showing positive for blood can also indicate hemoglobinuria, which is not detectable using a microscope due to the lysis of red blood cells in the urinary tract (particularly in alkaline or dilute urine), or intravascular ...
The signs and symptoms of abnormal urine color are shown as follows: Unexplained urine color other than straw-yellow has continued for a long time. [1] Once observe blood in urine. [1] Clear, dark-brown urine. [1] Risk factors of clinical abnormal urine color include elderly age, strenuous exercise, and family history of related diagnosis. [2]
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Urine electrolyte levels can be measured in a medical laboratory for diagnostic purposes. The urine concentrations of sodium , chlorine and potassium may be used to investigate conditions such as abnormal blood electrolyte levels, acute kidney injury , metabolic alkalosis and hypovolemia .