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SHA-256 hash function. Smart contracts use 256- or 257-bit integers; 256-bit words for the Ethereum Virtual Machine. "We realize that a 257 bits byte is quite unusual, but for smart contracts it is ok to have at least 256 bits numbers. The leading VM for smart contracts, Ethereum VM, introduced this practice and other blockchain VMs followed." [8]
SHA-2: A family of two similar hash functions, with different block sizes, known as SHA-256 and SHA-512. They differ in the word size; SHA-256 uses 32-bit words where SHA-512 uses 64-bit words. There are also truncated versions of each standard, known as SHA-224, SHA-384, SHA-512/224 and SHA-512/256. These were also designed by the NSA.
SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2) is a set of cryptographic hash functions designed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) and first published in 2001. [3] [4] They are built using the Merkle–Damgård construction, from a one-way compression function itself built using the Davies–Meyer structure from a specialized block cipher.
SHA-2 basically consists of two hash algorithms: SHA-256 and SHA-512. SHA-224 is a variant of SHA-256 with different starting values and truncated output. SHA-384 and the lesser-known SHA-512/224 and SHA-512/256 are all variants of SHA-512. SHA-512 is more secure than SHA-256 and is commonly faster than SHA-256 on 64-bit machines such as AMD64.
SHA-256 SHA-384 SHA-512: 2002 SHA-224: 2004 SHA-3 (Keccak) 2008 Guido Bertoni Joan Daemen Michaël Peeters Gilles Van Assche: RadioGatún: Website Specification: Streebog: 2012 FSB, InfoTeCS JSC RFC 6986: Tiger: 1995 Ross Anderson Eli Biham: Website Specification: Whirlpool: 2004 Vincent Rijmen Paulo Barreto: Website
These modules usually combine multiple chips on one circuit board. SIMM modules connect to the computer via an 8-bit- or 32-bit-wide interface. RIMM modules used by RDRAM are 16-bit- or 32-bit-wide. [49] DIMM modules connect to the computer via a 64-bit-wide interface. Some other computer architectures use different modules with a different bus ...
Disk encryption is a special case of data at rest protection when the storage medium is a sector-addressable device (e.g., a hard disk). This article presents cryptographic aspects of the problem.
In cryptography, key size or key length refers to the number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm (such as a cipher).. Key length defines the upper-bound on an algorithm's security (i.e. a logarithmic measure of the fastest known attack against an algorithm), because the security of all algorithms can be violated by brute-force attacks.