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Classical electromagnetism or classical electrodynamics is a branch of physics that studies the interactions between electric charges and currents using an extension of the classical Newtonian model. It is, therefore, a classical field theory .
In vacuum, the Lagrangian density for classical electrodynamics (in joules per cubic meter) is a scalar density = +, where =. The 4-current should be understood as an abbreviation of many terms expressing the electric currents of other charged fields in terms of their variables.
The theory of special relativity plays an important role in the modern theory of classical electromagnetism.It gives formulas for how electromagnetic objects, in particular the electric and magnetic fields, are altered under a Lorentz transformation from one inertial frame of reference to another.
Delbrück scattering of gamma rays was observed in 1953 by Robert Wilson. [3] Photon splitting in strong magnetic fields was measured in 2002. [4] Light-by-light scattering can be studied using the strong electromagnetic fields of the hadrons collided at the LHC, [5] [6] and its observation was reported by the ATLAS Collaboration in 2019.
In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. [ 2 ]
Curvature of spacetime affects electrodynamics. An electromagnetic field having energy and momentum also generates curvature in spacetime. Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime can be obtained by replacing the derivatives in the equations in flat spacetime with covariant derivatives. (Whether this is the appropriate generalization requires ...
In theoretical physics, the Born–Infeld model or the Dirac–Born–Infeld action is a particular example of what is usually known as a nonlinear electrodynamics.It was historically introduced in the 1930s to remove the divergence of the electron's self-energy in classical electrodynamics by introducing an upper bound of the electric field at the origin.
The series includes the volumes Mechanics, Mechanics of Deformable Bodies, Electrodynamics, Optics, Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, and Partial Differential Equations in Physics. Focusing on one subject each semester, the lectures formed a three-year cycle of courses that Sommerfeld repeatedly taught at the University of Munich for ...