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This allowed white women to vote, but African American women still had trouble voting, with many turned away, depending on their communities. In 1923, Texas created white primaries, excluding all Black people from voting in the primary elections. The white primaries were overturned in 1944 and in 1964, Texas's poll tax was abolished.
State representative, Jess Alexander Baker, introduces a suffrage amendment to the Texas Constitution in the Thirty-second Legislature. [14] Jovita Idar begins to write pro-suffrage articles in her family's Spanish language newspaper, La Cronica. [19] 1912. Anna Howard Shaw tours Texas and there is a revival of interest in women's suffrage. [20]
On 7 February 1931 d'Herbemont symbolically presented, in the presence of several ministers, the first two white canes. These were given to a blind soldier and a blind civilian. [ 1 ] These were followed by the distribution of 5000 white canes to blind French veterans from World War I and blind civilians.
Grovey, a black Texas resident, sued Townsend, a county clerk enforcing the rule, for violation of Grovey's civil rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. The Court unanimously upheld the party's rule as constitutional, distinguishing the discrimination by a private organization from that of the state in the previous primary cases.
The Constitution of the United States recognizes that the states have the power to set voting requirements. A few states allowed free Black men to vote, and New Jersey also included unmarried and widowed women who owned property. [1] Generally, states limited this right to property-owning or tax-paying White males (about 6% of the population). [2]
In 1876, when the present Constitution of Texas was published, the delegates again refused to allow women to vote. [6] It would be more than forty years until the suffragist movement won that fight. The government of Texas again voted down universal suffrage in May, 1919, but the United States Congress passed the 19th Amendment in June, 1919.
The Constitution of the State of Texas is the document that establishes the structure and function of the government of the U.S. state of Texas and enumerates the basic rights of the citizens of Texas. The current document was adopted on February 15, 1876, and is the seventh constitution in Texas history (including the Mexican constitution).
The U.S. Constitution does not specifically address the secession of states, and the issue was a topic of debate after the American Revolutionary War until the Civil War, when the Supreme Court ruled in Texas v. White that states strictly cannot unilaterally secede except through revolution or the expressed consent of the other states. [3]