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The second and third lines of defense operate by making changes to the buffers, each of which consists of two components: a weak acid and its conjugate base. [5] [13] It is the ratio concentration of the weak acid to its conjugate base that determines the pH of the solution. [14]
An immune response is a physiological reaction which occurs within an organism in the context of inflammation for the purpose of defending against exogenous factors. These include a wide variety of different toxins, viruses, intra- and extracellular bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and fungi which could cause serious problems to the health of the host organism if not cleared from the body.
In the first line of defense, inhaled bacteria are trapped by mucus and are swept toward the pharynx and are swallowed. [1] Bacteria which penetrate the mucous layer are dealt with a second line of defense which includes antimicrobial peptides that are secreted by the surface epithelium of the respiratory tract which kill many strains of ...
A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow/right), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange/left) – scale bar is 5 μm (false color). The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases.
6. Whole Grains. If you’ve been craving carbs, go ahead and dig in to foods made with 100% whole grains, says Bonci. Whole grains retain the grain’s nutritious bran, germ and endosperm. So ...
Each immunoglobulin class differs in its biological properties and has evolved to deal with different antigens. [5] Antibodies are synthesized and secreted by plasma cells that are derived from the B cells of the immune system. An antibody is used by the acquired immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses.
South Korea’s parliament voted to impeach President Yoon Suk Yeol on Saturday in an extraordinary rebuke that came about after his own ruling party turned on him following his refusal to resign ...
Image credits: Ok-File-6997 Animal shelters in the US had a busy 2023, with over 6.5 million pets entering shelters and rescue organizations. That’s 3.3 million cats and 3.2 million dogs. It was ...