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AM and FM broadcast radio usually use vertical polarization, while television uses horizontal polarization. At low frequencies especially, horizontal polarization is avoided. That is because the phase of a horizontally polarized wave is reversed upon reflection by the ground. A distant station in the horizontal direction will receive both the ...
Due to their omnidirectional radiation pattern, vertical monopole antennas are commonly used in terrestrial radio communication systems in which the direction to the transmitter or receiver is unknown or constantly changing, [7] such as broadcasting, mobile two-way radios, and wireless devices like cellphones and Wi-Fi networks, [8] [4] because they radiate equal radio power in all horizontal ...
For instance, an antenna composed of a linear conductor (such as a dipole or whip antenna) oriented vertically will result in vertical polarization; if turned on its side the same antenna's polarization will be horizontal. Reflections generally affect polarization. Radio waves reflected off the ionosphere can change
Radio propagation is the behavior of radio waves as they travel, or are propagated, from one point to another in vacuum, or into various parts of the atmosphere. [1]: 26‑1 As a form of electromagnetic radiation, like light waves, radio waves are affected by the phenomena of reflection, refraction, diffraction, absorption, polarization, and scattering. [2]
The vertical plane is used to plot an antenna's relative field strength perpendicular to the ground (which directly affects a station's coverage area) on a polar graph. Normally, the maximum of 1.000 or 0 dB is at the side (unless there is beam tilt ), which is labeled 0°, to 90° at the top and −90° at the bottom.
The discone antenna has a useful frequency range of at least 10 to 1. [2] [3] When employed as a transmitting antenna, a properly constructed discone is just as efficient as an antenna designed for a more limited frequency range. The extra bandwidth comes from the controlled taper and large termination radius of the cone.
Two Yagi–Uda antennas on a single mast. The top one includes a corner reflector and three stacked Yagis fed in phase in order to increase gain in the horizontal direction (by cancelling power radiated toward the ground or sky). The lower antenna is oriented for vertical polarization, with a much lower resonant frequency.
For example, a vertical dipole feed antenna will radiate a beam of radio waves with their electric field vertical, called vertical polarization. The receiving feed antenna must also have vertical polarization to receive them; if the feed is horizontal ( horizontal polarization ) the antenna will suffer a severe loss of gain.