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  2. Thermodynamic system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system

    Properties of isolated, closed, and open thermodynamic systems in exchanging energy and matter. A thermodynamic system is a body of matter and/or radiation separate from its surroundings that can be studied using the laws of thermodynamics.

  3. Closed system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system

    Properties of isolated, closed, and open systems in exchanging energy and matter. In thermodynamics, a closed system can exchange energy (as heat or work) but not matter, with its surroundings. An isolated system cannot exchange any heat, work, or matter with the surroundings, while an open system can exchange energy and matter.

  4. Open system (systems theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_system_(systems_theory)

    In the social sciences an open system is a process that exchanges material, energy, people, capital and information with its environment. French/Greek philosopher Kostas Axelos argued that seeing the "world system" as inherently open (though unified) would solve many of the problems in the social sciences, including that of praxis (the relation of knowledge to practice), so that various social ...

  5. Isolated system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_system

    Properties of Isolated, closed, and open systems in exchanging energy and matter. In physical science, an isolated system is either of the following: a physical system so far removed from other systems that it does not interact with them. a thermodynamic system enclosed by rigid immovable walls through which neither mass nor energy can pass.

  6. Closed system (control theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system_(control_theory)

    The terms closed system and open system have long been defined in the widely (and long before any sort of amplifier was invented) established subject of thermodynamics, in terms that have nothing to do with the concepts of feedback and feedforward. The terms 'feedforward' and 'feedback' arose first in the 1920s in the theory of amplifier design ...

  7. Closed-loop controller - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-loop_controller

    A closed-loop controller or feedback controller is a control loop which incorporates feedback, in contrast to an open-loop controller or non-feedback controller. A closed-loop controller uses feedback to control states or outputs of a dynamical system.

  8. Breathing circuit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing_circuit

    The breathing circuit may be open, closed, or semi-closed, depending on whether breathing gas is recycled. A closed or semi-closed circuit will include components which remove carbon dioxide from the exhaled gas and add oxygen before it is delivered for inhalation, so that the mixture remains stable and suitable for supporting life.

  9. Control loop - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_loop

    There are two common classes of control loop: open loop and closed loop. In an open-loop control system, the control action from the controller is independent of the process variable. An example of this is a central heating boiler controlled only by a timer. The control action is the switching on or off of the boiler.