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Markers of T cell activation include CD69, CD71 and CD25 (also a marker for Treg cells), and HLA-DR (a marker of human T cell activation). CTLA-4 expression is also up-regulated on activated T cells, which in turn outcompetes CD28 for binding to the B7 proteins. This is a checkpoint mechanism to prevent over activation of the T cell.
CD3 (cluster of differentiation 3) is a protein complex and T cell co-receptor that is involved in activating both the cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ naive T cells) and T helper cells (CD4+ naive T cells). [1] It is composed of four distinct chains. In mammals, the complex contains a CD3γ chain, a CD3δ chain, and two CD3ε chains.
In 1982, Nobel laureate James P. Allison first discovered a clonally expressed T-cell surface epitope in murine T lymphoma. [6] In 1983, Ellis Reinherz first defined the structure of the human T-cell receptor using anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies to T-cell clones, complemented by studies in the mouse by Philippa Marrack and John Kappler.
T H 2 cells which produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. A third category called T helper 17 cells (T H 17) were also discovered which are named after their secretion of Interleukin 17. CD8 + cytotoxic T-cells may also be categorized as: [5] T c 1 cells, T c 2 cells. Similarly to CD4 + T H cells, a third category called T C 17 were discovered that also ...
CD44 expression is an indicative marker for effector-memory T-cells. Memory cell proliferation (activation) can also be assayed in vitro with CFSE chemical tagging. In addition, variations in CD44 are reported as cell surface markers for some breast and prostate cancer stem cells.
Lymphocyte-activation gene 3, also known as LAG-3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the LAG3 gene. [5] LAG3, which was discovered in 1990 [6] and was designated CD223 (cluster of differentiation 223) after the Seventh Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigen Workshop in 2000, [7] is a cell surface molecule with diverse biological effects on T cell function but overall has an immune ...
Like many cell surface receptors/markers, CD4 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. It has four immunoglobulin domains (D 1 to D 4) that are exposed on the extracellular surface of the cell: D 1 and D 3 resemble immunoglobulin variable (IgV) domains. D 2 and D 4 resemble immunoglobulin constant (IgC) domains.
The antigen Thy-1 was the first T cell marker to be identified. Thy-1 was discovered by Reif and Allen in 1964 [5] during a search for heterologous antisera against mouse leukemia cells, and was demonstrated by them to be present on murine thymocytes, on T lymphocytes, and on neuronal cells.