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Guest authorship (where there is stated authorship in the absence of involvement, also known as gift authorship) and ghost authorship (where the real author is not listed as an author) are commonly regarded as forms of research misconduct. In some cases coauthors of faked research have been accused of inappropriate behavior or research ...
In Denmark, scientific misconduct is defined as "intention[al] negligence leading to fabrication of the scientific message or a false credit or emphasis given to a scientist", and in Sweden as "intention[al] distortion of the research process by fabrication of data, text, hypothesis, or methods from another researcher's manuscript form or ...
False attribution may refer to: Misattribution in general, when a quotation or work is accidentally, traditionally, or based on bad information attributed to the wrong person or group A specific fallacy where an advocate appeals to an irrelevant, unqualified, unidentified, biased, or fabricated source in support of an argument.
A 1982 study by Ralph Katz and Thomas J. Allen provides empirical evidence for the "not invented here" syndrome, showing that the performance of R&D project groups declines after about five years, which they attribute to the groups becoming increasingly insular and communicating less with key information sources outside the group.
Ghost authorship occurs when an individual makes a substantial contribution to the research or the writing of the report, but is not listed as an author. [53] Researchers, statisticians and writers (e.g. medical writers or technical writers ) become ghost authors when they meet authorship criteria but are not named as an author.
If the author information conveyed by the metadata, or watermark, contradicts the author information on the image description page, this is a sign the image requires investigation. A user's original photographs can also be expected to have similar metadata, since most people own a small number of cameras; varied metadata is suspicious.
Delegated authorship. A church leader describes the basic content of an intended letter to a disciple or to an amanuensis. Posthumous authorship. A church leader dies, and his disciples finish a letter that he had intended to write, sending it posthumously in his name. Apprentice authorship.
Citing inadequacies with current practices in listing authors of papers in medical research journals, Drummond Rennie and co-authors, writing in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) in 1997, called for: a radical conceptual and systematic change, to reflect the realities of multiple authorship and to buttress accountability.