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  2. Electron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron

    A system of one or more electrons bound to a nucleus is called an atom. If the number of electrons is different from the nucleus's electrical charge, such an atom is called an ion. The wave-like behavior of a bound electron is described by a function called an atomic orbital. Each orbital has its own set of quantum numbers such as energy ...

  3. Atom - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom

    The electrons are negatively charged, and this opposing charge is what binds them to the nucleus. If the numbers of protons and electrons are equal, as they normally are, then the atom is electrically neutral as a whole. If an atom has more electrons than protons, then it has an overall negative charge, and is called a negative ion (or anion ...

  4. Plum pudding model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum_pudding_model

    Thomson himself was a physicist and his atomic model was a byproduct of his investigations of cathode rays, by which he discovered the negatively charged particles now known as electrons. Thomson hypothesized that the quantity, arrangement, and motions of electrons in the atom could explain its physical and chemical properties, such as emission ...

  5. Electric charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge

    Electric charge is a conserved property: the net charge of an isolated system, the quantity of positive charge minus the amount of negative charge, cannot change. Electric charge is carried by subatomic particles. In ordinary matter, negative charge is carried by electrons, and positive charge is carried by the protons in the nuclei of atoms ...

  6. Ionization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization

    Ionization (or ionisation specifically in Britain, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand) is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons, often in conjunction with other chemical changes. The resulting electrically charged atom or molecule is called an ion.

  7. Thomson problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_problem

    The physicist J. J. Thomson posed the problem in 1904 [1] after proposing an atomic model, later called the plum pudding model, based on his knowledge of the existence of negatively charged electrons within neutrally-charged atoms.

  8. List of particles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles

    An atom consists of a small, heavy nucleus surrounded by a relatively large, light cloud of electrons. An atomic nucleus consists of 1 or more protons and 0 or more neutrons. Protons and neutrons are, in turn, made of quarks. Each type of atom corresponds to a specific chemical element. To date, 118 elements have been discovered or created.

  9. Ion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion

    Electrons, due to their smaller mass and thus larger space-filling properties as matter waves, determine the size of atoms and molecules that possess any electrons at all. Thus, anions (negatively charged ions) are larger than the parent molecule or atom, as the excess electron(s) repel each other and add to the physical size of the ion ...