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Anti-smooth muscle antibodies are antibodies (immunoglobulins) formed against smooth muscle. These antibodies are typically associated with autoimmune hepatitis. [1] [2] These antibodies can be directed against actin, troponin, and tropomyosin. [3]
A number of specific antibodies found in the blood (antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti-smooth muscle antibody (SMA), anti-liver kidney microsomal antibodies (LKM-1, LKM-2, LKM-3), anti soluble liver antigen (SLA), liver–pancreas antigen (LP), and anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA)) are of use, as is finding an increased immunoglobulin G level.
IgG: rheumatoid arthritis: Anti-smooth muscle antibody: smooth muscle: chronic autoimmune hepatitis: Anti-mitochondrial antibody: mitochondria: primary biliary cirrhosis [11] Anti-SRP: signal recognition particle: dermatomyositis [12] exosome complex: scleromyositis: Anti-AChR: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: myasthenia gravis: Anti-MUSK ...
Photomicrograph of a histological section of human skin prepared for direct immunofluorescence using an anti-IgG antibody. The skin is from a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and shows IgG deposit at two different places: The first is a band-like deposit along the epidermal basement membrane ("lupus band test" is positive).
Liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibody (anti-LKM1) is an autoantibody associated with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). [1] Specifically, its presence in AIH defines type 2 AIH, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] although it has been proposed that anti-liver cytosol type 1 autoantibody without detectable anti-LKM1 can be seen in type 2 AIH. [ 4 ]
Schematic showing the direct and indirect Coombs tests. The two Coombs tests are based on anti-human antibodies binding to human antibodies, commonly IgG or IgM.These anti-human antibodies are produced by plasma cells of non-human animals after immunizing them with human plasma.
Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) are autoantibodies, consisting of immunoglobulins formed against mitochondria, [1] primarily the mitochondria in cells of the liver.. The presence of AMA in the blood or serum of a person may be indicative of the presence of, or the potential to develop, the autoimmune disease primary biliary cholangitis (PBC; previously known as primary biliary cirrhosis).
Antibodies such as anti-smooth muscle antibodies, anti-liver/kidney microsomal antibodies, and the antinuclear antibody are sometimes positive however, this may be due to comorbid autoimmune disorders as appose to autoimmune enteropathy. [54]