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Confirmation bias (also confirmatory bias, myside bias, [a] or congeniality bias [2]) is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values. [3]
Anatol Rapoport's 1960 book Fights, Games, and Debates described three persuasive strategies that could be applied in debates. [11] He noted that they correspond to three kinds of psychotherapy or ways of changing people, [12] and he named them after Pavlov (behaviorism), Freud (psychoanalysis), and Rogers (person-centered therapy).
Informational support is the provision of advice, guidance, suggestions, or useful information to someone. [9] [17] This type of information has the potential to help others problem-solve. [12] [18] Companionship support is the type of support that gives someone a sense of social belonging (and is also called belonging). [9]
Longer essays may also contain an introductory page that defines words and phrases of the essay's topic. Most academic institutions require that all substantial facts, quotations, and other supporting material in an essay be referenced in a bibliography or works cited page at the end of the text. This scholarly convention helps others (whether ...
Status quo bias should be distinguished from a rational preference for the status quo ante, as when the current state of affairs is objectively superior to the available alternatives, or when imperfect information is a significant problem. A large body of evidence, however, shows that status quo bias frequently affects human decision-making.
information, mimicking the proposed legislature, and another that makes healthier meal choices marginally more convenient. Raising questions about existing proposed policies, providing information had little net effect in our sample, while the subtle manipulation of convenience had a large effect on calorie intake.
The argument supporting accessibility as the psychological process underlying framing can therefore be summarized thus: Because people rely heavily on news media for public affairs information, the most accessible information about public affairs often comes from the public affairs news they consume.
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