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Download as PDF; Printable version; ... The general science of metals is called metallurgy, ... 3D print of NASA meatball, made out of GRX-810, an oxide dispersion ...
A water jacket furnace could be used to reduce non-ferrous oxide ores mixed with coke, to produce metal, but its main use was smelting the more common sulphide ores. The feedstock was the ore, coke and fluxes. When smelting lead sulphide ores, a water jacket furnace produces molten lead and slag. Lead and silver often occur in the same ore body.
Many methods had been applied to the production of titanium metal, beginning with a report in 1887 by Nilsen and Pettersen using sodium, which was optimized into the commercial Hunter process. In this process (which ceased to be commercial in the 1990s) TiCl 4 is reduced to the metal by sodium .
Metallurgy derives from the Ancient Greek μεταλλουργός, metallourgós, "worker in metal", from μέταλλον, métallon, "mine, metal" + ἔργον, érgon, "work" The word was originally an alchemist's term for the extraction of metals from minerals, the ending -urgy signifying a process, especially manufacturing: it was discussed in this sense in the 1797 Encyclopædia ...
In metallurgy, refining consists of purifying an impure metal. It is to be distinguished from other processes such as smelting and calcining in that those two involve a chemical change to the raw material, whereas in refining the final material is chemically identical to the raw material. Refining thus increases the purity of the raw material ...
Extractive metallurgy is a branch of metallurgical engineering wherein process and methods of extraction of metals from their natural mineral deposits are studied. The field is a materials science, covering all aspects of the types of ore, washing, concentration, separation, chemical processes and extraction of pure metal and their alloying to suit various applications, sometimes for direct ...
16th century BC – The Hittites develop crude iron metallurgy; 13th century BC – Invention of steel when iron and charcoal are combined properly; 10th century BC – Glass production begins in ancient Near East; 1st millennium BC – Pewter beginning to be used in China and Egypt; 1000 BC – The Phoenicians introduce dyes made from the ...
The Metallurgy of Roman Silver Coinage: From the Reform of Nero to the Reform of Trajan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Corretti,Benvenuti. "Beginning of iron metallurgy in Tuscany, with special reference to Etruria mineraria." Mediterranean archaeology 14 (2001): 127–45. Healy, John F. Mining and metallurgy in the Greek and ...