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The galls occur when female aphids lay a single egg on the underside of the sumac leaf, inducing the leaf to form a sac over the egg. [5] According to Hebert et al, the eggs "give rise to a series of parthenogenetic generations, which remain within the gall. Winged females leave the gall in late summer and fly to moss, where they establish ...
A female aphid lives for 9 to 25 days and can produce from 25 to 125 young during its life. There may be up to twenty generations in the year. By November winged forms have developed and eggs are laid before winter sets in. [6] In warmer climates, parthenogenetic reproduction takes place throughout the year.
Aphidius wasps are endoparasitoids of aphids. The female wasp lays eggs in an aphid. When the eggs hatch, the wasp larvae feed on the inside of the aphid. As the larvae mature, the hosts die and become slightly enlarged or mummified, often becoming tan or yellow. Complete metamorphosis occurs within the host.
Aphid giving birth to live young: populations are often entirely female. In autumn, aphids reproduce sexually and lay eggs. Environmental factors such as a change in photoperiod and temperature, or perhaps a lower food quantity or quality, causes females to parthenogenetically produce sexual females and males. [56]
These aphids follow the general life cycle of most other aphid species. [2] First generation females can lay around 100 eggs. Eggs of R. oxyacanthae will appear small, oval and shiny. The eggs are green but are difficult to differentiate between other species of aphid eggs. [2] Eggs are laid on branches and will typically hatch before other ...
Stegophylla essigi, also known as the California woolly oak aphid, is a species of North American aphid. [1] It had been found on many California oaks, including blue oaks, valley oaks, Oregon white oaks, coast live oaks, interior live oaks, California black oaks, and scrub oaks. [2] Woolly oak aphids overwinter as eggs.
The gall is green at first, then turns bright red. This gall, rich in nutrients, provides both food and shelter for the female aphid. Gall's interior Witch Hazel Cone Galls. H. hamamelidis have three generations per year, each with a different part in the life cycle. At the start of spring, females or stem mothers crawl to witch-hazel leaf buds.
The production of female offspring by parthenogenesis is referred to as thelytoky (e.g., aphids) while the production of males by parthenogenesis is referred to as arrhenotoky (e.g., bees). When unfertilized eggs develop into both males and females, the phenomenon is called deuterotoky. [22]