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In combinatorics, the Eulerian number (,) is the number of permutations of the numbers 1 to in which exactly elements are greater than the previous element (permutations with "ascents"). Leonhard Euler investigated them and associated polynomials in his 1755 book Institutiones calculi differentialis .
In Itô calculus, the Euler–Maruyama method (also simply called the Euler method) is a method for the approximate numerical solution of a stochastic differential equation (SDE). It is an extension of the Euler method for ordinary differential equations to stochastic differential equations named after Leonhard Euler and Gisiro Maruyama. The ...
The exact solution of the differential equation is () =, so () =. Although the approximation of the Euler method was not very precise in this specific case, particularly due to a large value step size h {\displaystyle h} , its behaviour is qualitatively correct as the figure shows.
In integral calculus, Euler's formula for complex numbers may be used to evaluate integrals involving trigonometric functions. Using Euler's formula, any trigonometric function may be written in terms of complex exponential functions, namely e i x {\displaystyle e^{ix}} and e − i x {\displaystyle e^{-ix}} and then integrated.
The Euler numbers appear in the Taylor series expansions of the secant and hyperbolic secant functions. The latter is the function in the definition. The latter is the function in the definition. They also occur in combinatorics , specifically when counting the number of alternating permutations of a set with an even number of elements.
Euler invented the calculus of variations including its most well-known result, the Euler–Lagrange equation. Euler also pioneered the use of analytic methods to solve number theory problems. In doing so, he united two disparate branches of mathematics and introduced a new field of study, analytic number theory.
hence has Betti number 1 in dimensions 0 and n, and all other Betti numbers are 0. Its Euler characteristic is then χ = 1 + (−1) n ; that is, either 0 if n is odd , or 2 if n is even . The n dimensional real projective space is the quotient of the n sphere by the antipodal map .
Euler's number, e = 2.71828 . . . , the base of the natural logarithm; Euler's idoneal numbers, a set of 65 or possibly 66 or 67 integers with special properties; Euler numbers, integers occurring in the coefficients of the Taylor series of 1/cosh t; Eulerian numbers count certain types of permutations.
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