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The susceptibility hypothesis suggests that the substance use may increase the risk of PTSD developing after a traumatic event. [12] Individuals who use substances may lack appropriate coping mechanisms to deal with daily stressors before the traumatic event, they may be less equipped than individuals who do not use substances to cope with extreme stress.
Evidence-based, trauma-focused psychotherapy is the first-line treatment for PTSD. [8] [9] [6] Psychotherapy is defined as a treatment where a therapist and patient build a therapeutic relationship and focus on the patient's thoughts, attitudes, affect, behavior, and social development to lessen the patient's psychopathologies and functional impairment.
[230] [231] [232] While benzodiazepines can alleviate acute anxiety, there is no consistent evidence that they can stop the development of PTSD and may actually increase the risk of developing PTSD 2–5 times. [19] Benzodiazepines should not be used in the immediate aftermath of a traumatic event as they may increase symptoms related to PTSD. [37]
Couple interventions for PTSD have strong promise to not only treat PTSD in service members, but also to treat many of the other relational and family issues related to coping with deployment and deployment-related PTSD. [41] The Australian Psychological Society considers emotion focused therapy (EFT) to be a Level II treatment method. [15]
Alcohol-related brain damage can have drastic effects on the individuals affected and their loved ones. The options for treatment are very limited compared to other disorders. Although limited, most patients with alcohol-related cognitive deficits experienced slight improvement of their symptoms over the first two to three months of treatment. [8]
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