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In 1787, German physician Johann Metzger (1739-1805) discovered that if arsenic trioxide were heated in the presence of carbon, the arsenic would sublime. [4] This is the reduction of As 2 O 3 by carbon: 2 As 2 O 3 + 3 C → 3 CO 2 + 4 As
The total number of unique species, including distinct ionization states, is indicated in each section header. Most of the molecules detected so far are organic. The only detected inorganic molecule with five or more atoms is SiH 4. [14] Molecules larger than that all have at least one carbon atom, with no N−N or O−O bonds. [14]
Arsenic is also found in food, water, soil, and air. [132] Arsenic is absorbed by all plants, but is more concentrated in leafy vegetables, rice, apple and grape juice, and seafood. [133] An additional route of exposure is inhalation of atmospheric gases and dusts. [134]
In its standard state arsine is a colorless, denser-than-air gas that is slightly soluble in water (2% at 20 °C) [1] and in many organic solvents as well. [citation needed] Arsine itself is odorless, [5] but it oxidizes in air and this creates a slight garlic or fish-like scent when the compound is present above 0.5 ppm. [6]
In 1754, Scottish chemist Joseph Black isolated carbon dioxide, which he called "fixed air". [51] In 1757, Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt , while investigating arsenic compounds, creates Cadet's fuming liquid , later discovered to be cacodyl oxide , considered to be the first synthetic organometallic compound. [ 52 ]
Arsenic is a metalloid with an atomic number of 33, and its common oxidation states are +3 or +5, as arsenate(As III) and arsenite(As V). [12] Arsenic is primarily found as organic arsenic compounds, inorganic arsenic compounds, and arsine gas.
Arsenic forms colorless, odorless, crystalline oxides As 2 O 3 ("white arsenic") and As 2 O 5 which are hygroscopic and readily soluble in water to form acidic solutions. Arsenic(V) acid is a weak acid and the salts are called arsenates , [ 5 ] the most common arsenic contamination of groundwater , and a problem that affects many people.
Organoarsenic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing a chemical bond between arsenic and carbon.A few organoarsenic compounds, also called "organoarsenicals," are produced industrially with uses as insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides.