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In enzymology, a 5-oxoprolinase (ATP-hydrolysing) (EC 3.5.2.9) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction. ATP + 5-oxo-L-proline + 2 H 2 O ADP + phosphate + L-glutamate. The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, 5-oxo-L-proline, and H 2 O, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and L-glutamate.
The names of pyroglutamic acid conjugate base, anion, salts, and esters are pyroglutamate, 5-oxoprolinate, or pidolate. Formation of pyroglutamic acid from N-terminal glutamine. It is a metabolite in the glutathione cycle that is converted to glutamate by 5-oxoprolinase. Pyroglutamate is found in many proteins including bacteriorhodopsin.
The conversion of the amino acid glutamine to α-ketoglutarate takes place in two reaction steps: Conversion of glutamine to α-ketoglutarate. 1. Hydrolysis of the amino group of glutamine yielding glutamate and ammonium. Catalyzing enzyme: glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2) 2. Glutamate can be excreted or can be further metabolized to α-ketoglutarate.
Glutamate + ATP + NH 3 → Glutamine + ADP + phosphate Glutamine synthetase catalyzed reaction. Glutamine synthetase uses ammonia produced by nitrate reduction, amino acid degradation, and photorespiration. [4] The amide group of glutamate is a nitrogen source for the synthesis of glutamine pathway metabolites. [5] Other reactions may take ...
Animals must metabolize proteins to amino acids, at the expense of muscle tissue, when blood sugar is low. The preference of liver transaminases for oxaloacetate or alpha-ketoglutarate plays a key role in funneling nitrogen from amino acid metabolism to aspartate and glutamate for conversion to urea for excretion of nitrogen.
Transamination is mediated by several types of aminotransferase enzymes. An aminotransferase may be specific for an individual amino acid, or it may be able to process any member of a group of similar ones, for example the branched-chain amino acids, which comprises valine, isoleucine, and leucine.
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Substrate-level phosphorylation exemplified with the conversion of ADP to ATP. Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolism reaction that results in the production of ATP or GTP supported by the energy released from another high-energy bond that leads to phosphorylation of ADP or GDP to ATP or GTP (note that the reaction catalyzed by creatine kinase is not considered as "substrate-level ...