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The concept of śūnyatā as "emptiness" is related to the concept of anatta in early Buddhism. [8] Over time, many different philosophical schools or tenet-systems (Sanskrit: siddhānta) [9] have developed within Buddhism in an effort to explain the exact philosophical meaning of emptiness.
[152] Thus, the goal of meditation is a totally unified mind that goes beyond all concepts and language to directly know the undifferentiated "uniformity of phenomena" (dharmasamatāḥ) and the thing-in-itself, the supreme reality. [153] The elimination of all concepts applies even to the very idea of mind only or "mere-cognizance" itself. [154]
The emptiness that is reached by rational analysis (this is actually only an analogue, and not the real thing). The emptiness that yogis fathom by means of their own individual gnosis (prajña). This is the real ultimate truth, which is reached by negating the previous rational understanding of emptiness.
The "things" we are conscious of are "mere concepts", not Ding an sich. [12] It took Chinese Buddhism several centuries to recognize that sunyata does not refer to "wu", nothingness, [9] [16] nor does Buddhism postulate an undying soul. [9] The influence of those various doctrinal and textual backgrounds is still discernible in Zen.
In Buddhism, the three marks of existence are three characteristics (Pali: tilakkhaṇa; Sanskrit: त्रिलक्षण trilakṣaṇa) of all existence and beings, namely anicca (impermanence), dukkha (commonly translated as "suffering" or "cause of suffering", "unsatisfactory", "unease"), [note 1] and anattā (without a lasting essence).
However, he also argues that basic Mahāyāna concepts such as "the bodhisattva ethic, emptiness (sunyata), and the recognition of a distinction between buddhahood and arhatship as spiritual ideals," can be seen in the Pāli Canon. According to Pettit, this suggests that Mahāyāna is "not simply an accretion of fabricated doctrines" but "has a ...
[2] [3] [4] According to Bronkhorst, the oldest Buddhist meditation practice are the four dhyanas, which lead to the destruction of the asavas as well as the practice of mindfulness (sati). [7] According to Vetter, the practice of dhyana may have constituted the core liberating practice of early Buddhism, since in this state all "pleasure and ...
Instead, the emptiness theory is merely a useful concept that should not be clung to. In fact, for Madhyamaka, since everything is empty of true existence, all things are just conceptualizations ( prajñapti-matra ), including the theory of emptiness, and all concepts must ultimately be abandoned in order to truly understand the nature of things.