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The macrolide ring is the lactone (cyclic ester) at upper left. Clarithromycin Roxithromycin. Macrolides are a class of mostly natural products with a large macrocyclic lactone ring to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. The lactone rings are usually 14-, 15-, or 16-membered.
Erythromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, is one of many naturally occurring macrocycles. [1] Macrocycles are often described as molecules and ions containing a ring of twelve or more atoms. Classical examples include the crown ethers, calixarenes, porphyrins, and cyclodextrins. Macrocycles describe a large, mature area of chemistry. [2]
Macrolides. Pikromycin, the first isolated macrolide (1951 [29]) The antibiotics erythromycin A, clarithromycin, and azithromycin; The antihelminthics ivermectin; Ansamycins. The antitumor agents geldanamycin and macbecin, The antibiotic rifamycin; Polyenes. The antifungals amphotericin, nystatin and pimaricin; Polyethers. The antibiotic ...
Anthracimycin is a polyketide antibiotic discovered in 2013. Anthracimycin is derived from marine actinobacteria . In preliminary laboratory research, it has shown activity against Bacillus anthracis , [ 1 ] the bacteria that causes anthrax , and against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Azalides such as azithromycin are a class of macrolide antibiotics that were originally manufactured in response to the poor acid stability exhibited by original macrolides (erythromycin). [1] Following the clinical overuse of macrolides and azalides, ketolides have been developed to combat surfacing macrolide-azalide resistance among ...
Pikromycin was studied by Brokmann and Hekel in 1951 and was the first antibiotic macrolide to be isolated. [1] Pikromycin is synthesized through a type I polyketide synthase system in Streptomyces venezuelae, a species of Gram-positive bacterium in the genus Streptomyces. [2] Pikromycin is derived from narbonolide, a 14-membered ring macrolide.
Spiramycin is a macrolide antibiotic and antiparasitic. It is used to treat toxoplasmosis and various other infections of soft tissues.. Although used in Europe, Canada and Mexico, [1] spiramycin is still considered an experimental drug in the United States, but can sometimes be obtained by special permission from the FDA for toxoplasmosis in the first trimester of pregnancy. [2]
Azithromycin is a member of macrolides that are a class of antibiotics with a cyclic structure with a lactone ring and sugar moieties. Macrolides can inhibit CYP3A4 by a mechanism called mechanism-based inhibition (MBI), which involves the formation of reactive metabolites that bind covalently and irreversibly to the enzyme, rendering it inactive.