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The idea was introduced in 1973 by William J. Lentz [1] and was simplified by him in 1982. [4] Lentz suggested that calculating ratios of spherical Bessel functions of complex arguments can be difficult. He developed a new continued fraction technique for calculating the ratios of spherical Bessel functions of consecutive order.
The same 1 / μ = 3 + √ 8 (the silver ratio squared) also is observed in the unfolded general continued fractions of both the natural logarithm of 2 and the n th root of 2 (which works for any integer n > 1) if calculated using 2 = 1 + 1.
By considering the complete quotients of periodic continued fractions, Euler was able to prove that if x is a regular periodic continued fraction, then x is a quadratic irrational number. The proof is straightforward. From the fraction itself, one can construct the quadratic equation with integral coefficients that x must satisfy.
Every fraction 2 / y requires two terms in its greedy expansion if and only if y ≡ 1 (mod 2); the simplest such fraction is 2 / 3 . A fraction 3 / y requires three terms in its greedy expansion if and only if y ≡ 1 (mod 6), for then −y mod x = 2 and y(y + 2) / 3 is odd, so the fraction remaining after a ...
[2] Summation by parts is frequently used to prove Abel's theorem and Dirichlet's test . One can also use this technique to prove Abel's test : If ∑ n b n {\textstyle \sum _{n}b_{n}} is a convergent series , and a n {\displaystyle a_{n}} a bounded monotone sequence , then S N = ∑ n = 0 N a n b n {\textstyle S_{N}=\sum _{n=0}^{N}a_{n}b_{n ...
For instance, the primary pseudoperfect number 1806 is the product of the prime numbers 2, 3, 7, and 43, and gives rise to the Egyptian fraction 1 = 1 / 2 + 1 / 3 + 1 / 7 + 1 / 43 + 1 / 1806 .
In algebra, the partial fraction decomposition or partial fraction expansion of a rational fraction (that is, a fraction such that the numerator and the denominator are both polynomials) is an operation that consists of expressing the fraction as a sum of a polynomial (possibly zero) and one or several fractions with a simpler denominator.
To compute the integral, we set n to its value and use the reduction formula to express it in terms of the (n – 1) or (n – 2) integral. The lower index integral can be used to calculate the higher index ones; the process is continued repeatedly until we reach a point where the function to be integrated can be computed, usually when its index is 0 or 1.