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ATS when used illicitly has street names including ice, meth, crystal, crank, bennies, and speed. Within the group of amphetamine-type stimulants, there are also prescription drugs including mixed amphetamine salts, dextroamphetamine, and lisdexamfetamine. Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 by the Romanian chemist Lazar Edeleano.
Amphetamine modulates the activity of most psychoactive drugs. In particular, amphetamine may decrease the effects of sedatives and depressants and increase the effects of stimulants and antidepressants. [29] Amphetamine may also decrease the effects of antihypertensives and antipsychotics due to its effects on blood pressure and dopamine ...
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) is an empathogen-entactogen, stimulant, and psychedelic drug of the amphetamine family that is encountered mainly as a recreational drug. [3] In its pharmacology , MDA is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA).
Long-term amphetamine exposure at sufficiently high doses in some animal species is known to produce abnormal dopamine system development or nerve damage, [36] [37] but, in humans with ADHD, long-term use of pharmaceutical amphetamines at therapeutic doses appears to improve brain development and nerve growth.
The prescription medicine Adderall (dextroamphetamine sulfate/amphetamine sulfate/dextroamphetamine saccharate/amphetamine aspartate monohydrate) is also frequently used recreationally. However, using non-prescribed drugs, using non-prescribed dose regimen, can cause polysubstance dependence, or combined drug intoxication which may lead to deaths.
Phenmetrazine, sold under the brand name Preludin among others, is a stimulant drug first synthesized in 1952 and originally used as an appetite suppressant, but withdrawn from the market in the 1980s due to widespread misuse.
[13] [14] [15] In particular, the classes of stimulants that demonstrate possible cognition-enhancing effects in humans have evidence in vitro as direct agonists or indirect agonists of dopamine receptor D 1 or adrenoceptor A 2. [13] [14] [16] [17] Relatively high doses of stimulants cause cognitive deficits. [16] [17]
para-Methoxyamphetamine (PMA), also known as 4-methoxyamphetamine (4-MA), is a designer drug of the amphetamine class with serotonergic effects. [2] [3] [4] Unlike other similar drugs of this family, PMA does not produce stimulant, euphoriant, or entactogen effects, [5] and behaves more like an antidepressant in comparison, [6] though it does have some psychedelic properties.