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Following the patent and release of Harold's Long Scale calculator featuring two knobs on the outside rim in 1914, he designed the Magnum Long Scale calculator in 1927. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] As the name "Magnum" implies, it was a fairly large device at 4.5 inches in diameter—about 1.5 inches more than Fowler's average non-Magnum-series calculators. [ 8 ]
About 60% of the world's railways have a track gauge of 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in (1,435 mm) known as "standard gauge", but there are also narrow-gauge railways where the track gauge is less than standard and broad-gauge railways where the gauge is wider. In a similar manner, a scale model railway may have several track gauges in one scale.
54 mm figure scale toy soldiers are supposed to use this scale as well. Same as Gauge 1, cars, common for slot cars. Commonly referred to as Stablemate size in model horses. 1:30.5: 10 mm Often quoted as the alternative to 1:32 scale. 1:30: 0.4 in: 10.16 mm Toy soldiers and military vehicles including King & Country and Figarti. 1:29: 10.51 mm
The six most common shotgun gauges, in descending order of size, are the 10 gauge, 12 gauge, 16 gauge, 20 gauge, 28 gauge, and .410 bore. [7] By far the most popular is the 12 gauge, [ 7 ] particularly in the United States. [ 8 ]
Thus the scale and approximate prototype gauge are represented, with the model gauge used (9 mm for H0e gauge; 6.5 mm for H0f gauge) being implied. [ 2 ] The scales used include the general European modelling range of Z, N, TT, H0, 0 and also the large model engineering gauges of I to X, including 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 , 5, 7 + 1 ⁄ 4 and 10 + 1 ⁄ 4 ...
This is further complicated by the fact some scales use several different gauges; for example, HO scale uses 16.5 mm as the standard gauge of 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in (1,435 mm), 12 mm to represent 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in) gauge (HOm), and 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) (HOn3-1/2), and 9 mm to represent a prototype gauge of 2 ft (610 mm).
Ten and a quarter inch gauge (or X scale) (10 + 1 ⁄ 4 in / 260 mm) is a large modelling scale, generally only used for ridable miniature railways. Model railways at this scale normally confine the scale modelling aspects to the reproduction of the locomotive and with steam locomotives the accompanying tender .
Typical 8 bores weighed 15 to 16 lb (6.8 to 7.3 kg), and fired a 1,250 gr (81 g) conical bullet at around 1,500 ft/s (460 m/s) or an 860 gr (56 g) spherical ball at around 1,650 ft/s (500 m/s), both with 10 to 12 drams (17.72 to 21.26 g) of black powder, [1] although sometimes heavier charges of 14 drams (24.82 g) were used, generally in Africa.