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Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is gastrointestinal bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, commonly defined as bleeding arising from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. Blood may be observed in vomit or in altered form as black stool. Depending on the amount of the blood loss, symptoms may include shock.
Blood in stool looks different depending on how early it enters the digestive tract—and thus how much digestive action it has been exposed to—and how much there is. The term can refer either to melena, with a black appearance, typically originating from upper gastrointestinal bleeding; or to hematochezia, with a red color, typically originating from lower gastrointestinal bleeding. [6]
Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) is an uncommon cause of chronic gastrointestinal bleeding or iron deficiency anemia. [1] [2] The condition is associated with dilated small blood vessels in the gastric antrum, which is a distal part of the stomach. [1]
An upper GI bleed is more common than lower GI bleed. [2] An upper GI bleed occurs in 50 to 150 per 100,000 adults per year. [8] A lower GI bleed is estimated to occur in 20 to 30 per 100,000 per year. [2] It results in about 300,000 hospital admissions a year in the United States. [1] Risk of death from a GI bleed is between 5% and 30%.
Other symptoms include chest pain, nausea, difficulty swallowing, painful swallowing, coughing, and hoarseness. [21] Risk factors include obesity, pregnancy, smoking, hiatal hernia, certain medications, and certain foods. Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms and medical history, with further testing only after treatment has been ineffective.
Disease Pentad of TTP: Remembered by the mnemonic "FAT RN" (or alternatively "ART FaN"); Fever, Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia), Thrombocytopenia, Renal failure, Neurologic disturbances: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Pentalogy of Cantrell: Omphalocele, Anterior diaphragmatic hernia, Sternal cleft, Ectopia cordis, Intracardiac ...
Diseases and disorders GAD Generalized anxiety disorder: GAN Giant axonal neuropathy: GAS disease Group A Streptococcal disease: GAVE Gastric antral vascular ectasia (see Watermelon stomach) GBS Guillain–Barré syndrome: GBS disease Group B Streptococcal disease: GCE Glycine encephalopathy: GD Gestational diabetes: GERD Gastroesophageal ...
[1] [8] Endoscopy, a type of X-ray known as an upper gastrointestinal series, blood tests, and stool tests may help with diagnosis. [1] Other conditions with similar symptoms include inflammation of the pancreas, gallbladder problems, and peptic ulcer disease. [2] Prevention is by avoiding things that cause the disease.