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The geometric series is an infinite series derived from a special type of sequence called a geometric progression.This means that it is the sum of infinitely many terms of geometric progression: starting from the initial term , and the next one being the initial term multiplied by a constant number known as the common ratio .
An arithmetico-geometric series is a sum of terms that are the elements of an arithmetico-geometric sequence. Arithmetico-geometric sequences and series arise in various applications, such as the computation of expected values in probability theory , especially in Bernoulli processes .
Examples of a geometric sequence are powers r k of a fixed non-zero number r, such as 2 k and 3 k. The general form of a geometric sequence is , , , , , … where r is the common ratio and a is the initial value. The sum of a geometric progression's terms is called a geometric series.
The Cesàro sum is defined as the limit, as n tends to infinity, of the sequence of arithmetic means of the first n partial sums of the series. This special case of a matrix summability method is named for the Italian analyst Ernesto Cesàro (1859–1906).
The sum of the series is approximately equal to 1.644934. [3] The Basel problem asks for the exact sum of this series (in closed form ), as well as a proof that this sum is correct. Euler found the exact sum to be π 2 / 6 {\displaystyle \pi ^{2}/6} and announced this discovery in 1735.
The geometric mean of two positive numbers is never greater than the arithmetic mean. [3] So the geometric means are an increasing sequence g 0 ≤ g 1 ≤ g 2 ≤ ...; the arithmetic means are a decreasing sequence a 0 ≥ a 1 ≥ a 2 ≥ ...; and g n ≤ M(x, y) ≤ a n for any n. These are strict inequalities if x ≠ y.
Borel, then an unknown young man, discovered that his summation method gave the 'right' answer for many classical divergent series.He decided to make a pilgrimage to Stockholm to see Mittag-Leffler, who was the recognized lord of complex analysis.
In mathematics, a generating function is a representation of an infinite sequence of numbers as the coefficients of a formal power series.Generating functions are often expressed in closed form (rather than as a series), by some expression involving operations on the formal series.