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Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), density relative to extracellular water, is a type of lipoprotein made by the liver. [1] VLDL is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein) that enable fats and cholesterol to move within the water-based solution of the bloodstream.
[2] [5] Remnant cholesterol is primarily chylomicron and VLDL, and each remnant particle contains about 40 times more cholesterol than LDL. [6] Remnant cholesterol corresponds to all cholesterol not found in high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C). It is calculated as total cholesterol minus HDL-C and LDL-C. [7]
20-25 10-20 Apolipoproteins B 48, Al, All B 100 CI, CII B 100: AI, AII, CI Composition (% of total content) · Protein 2 10 20 40 · Lipid 98 90 80 60 Lipid component (% of total lipid content) · Triglycerides 88 55 12 12 · Cholesteryl esters 4 24 59 40 · Phospholipids 8 20 28 47 · Free fatty acids - 1 1 1
238055 Ensembl ENSG00000084674 ENSMUSG00000020609 UniProt P04114 E9Q414 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000384 NM_009693 RefSeq (protein) NP_000375 NP_033823 Location (UCSC) Chr 2: 21 – 21.04 Mb Chr 12: 8.03 – 8.07 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOB gene. Its measurement is commonly used to detect risk of ...
According to one study, sizes 19.0–20.5 nm were designated as pattern B and LDL sizes 20.6–22 nm were designated as pattern A. [16] Some evidence suggests the correlation between Pattern B and coronary heart disease is stronger than the correspondence between the LDL number measured in the standard lipid profile test.
Chylomicron structure ApoA, ApoB, ApoC, ApoE (apolipoproteins); T (triacylglycerol); C (cholesterol); green (phospholipids). Chylomicrons transport lipids absorbed from the intestine to adipose, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissue, where their triglyceride components are hydrolyzed by the activity of the lipoprotein lipase, allowing the released free fatty acids to be absorbed by the tissues.
VLDL is a large, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein secreted by the liver that transports triglyceride to adipose tissue and muscle. The triglycerides in VLDL are removed in capillaries by the enzyme lipoprotein lipase , and the VLDL returns to the circulation as a smaller particle with a new name, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL).
The full-length human VLDLR genome is located on locus 9p24 on chromosome 9. It consists of a 40 kb segment that includes 19 exon-coding sequences, which is one more exon than encoded by LDLR. This extra exon in the VLDLR gene accounts for the extra cysteine-binding repeat not found in LDLR. [7]
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