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Addiction is a brain disorder characterized by compulsive drug use despite adverse consequences. [ 36 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Addiction involves the overstimulation of the brain's mesocorticolimbic reward circuit ( reward system ), essential for motivating behaviors linked to survival and reproductive fitness, like seeking food and sex. [ 60 ]
“The brain changes, and it doesn’t recover when you just stop the drug because the brain has been actually changed,” Kreek explained. “The brain may get OK with time in some persons. But it’s hard to find a person who has completely normal brain function after a long cycle of opiate addiction, not without specific medication treatment.”
addictive drug – psychoactive substances that with repeated use are associated with significantly higher rates of substance use disorders, due in large part to the drug's effect on brain reward systems; dependence – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake)
The latter reflects physical dependence in which the body adapts to the drug, requiring more of it to achieve a certain effect (tolerance) [25] and eliciting drug-specific physical or mental symptoms if drug use is abruptly ceased (withdrawal). Physical dependence can happen with the chronic use of many drugs—including even appropriate ...
The heroin and opioid abuse epidemic is hitting America hard with heroin use more than doubling in the past decade among young adults, according to the CDC.While the dire statistics tell the ...
In 1987, the DSM-IIIR category "psychoactive substance abuse", which includes former concepts of drug abuse is defined as "a maladaptive pattern of use indicated by...continued use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent social, occupational, psychological or physical problem that is caused or exacerbated by the use (or by ...
Substance use, also known as drug use, is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others. The drugs used are often associated with levels of substance intoxication that alter judgment, perception, attention and physical control, not related with ...
For instance, affect facilitates action, directs attention, prepares the individual for a physical response, and guides behaviour to meet particular needs. [7] Moreover, affect is implicated in a range of concepts relevant to addiction: positive reinforcement , behaviour motivation , regulation of cognition and mood , and reasoning and decision ...