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Epinephrine vial 1 mg (Adrenalin). Epinephrine is used to treat a number of conditions, including cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis, and superficial bleeding. [25] It has been used historically for bronchospasm and low blood sugar, but newer treatments for these that are selective for β 2 adrenoceptors, such as salbutamol, are preferred. [citation ...
Side effects of isoprenaline include rapid heart beat, heart palpitations, and arrhythmias, among others. [9] Isoprenaline is a selective agonist of the β-adrenergic receptors, including both the β 1-and β 2-adrenergic receptors. [9] By activating these receptors, it increases heart rate and the force of heart contractions. [10]
Common side effects include shakiness, anxiety, and sweating. A fast heart rate and high blood pressure may occur. Occasionally it may result in an abnormal heart rhythm. While the safety of its use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is unclear, the benefits to the mother must be taken into account. [8]
Since the fetus is smaller and does not have a fully developed liver, the concentration of alcohol in its bloodstream lasts longer, increasing the chances of detrimental side effects. [69] The severity of effects alcohol may have on a developing fetus depends upon the amount and frequency of alcohol consumed as well as the stage of pregnancy.
In general, pure beta-adrenergic agonists have the opposite function of beta blockers: beta-adrenoreceptor agonist ligands mimic the actions of both epinephrine- and norepinephrine- signaling, in the heart and lungs, and in smooth muscle tissue; epinephrine expresses the higher affinity.
However, the serotonin receptor antagonism has side effects such as weight gain and impaired movement. [11] Hence, alpha-2 blockers are not used clinically due to its extensive binding. Similar to the alpha-1 blocker, the alpha-2 family will also present the first-dose effect , but it is generally less pronounced compared with the alpha-1 blockers.
The Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines recommend the very early management of the sepsis focusing on the hour-1 bundle. This includes use of Vasopressin 0.03 units/minute as add-on to norepinephrine (NE) with intent of either raising the mean arterial pressure or decreasing the norepinephrine dosage (i.e. de-catecholaminization). [13]
Cardiotonic agents, also known as cardiac inotropes or stimulants, have a positive impact on the myocardium (muscular layer of the heart) by enhancing its contractility. . Unlike general inotropes, these agents exhibit a higher level of specificity as they selectively target the myocar