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Eslam va Malekiyyat (Islam and Property) by Mahmud Taleqani (1951), Iqtisaduna (Our Economics) by Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr (1961) and; Eqtesad-e Towhidi (The Economics of Divine Harmony) by Abolhassan Banisadr (1978) Some Interpretations of Property Rights, Capital and Labor from Islamic Perspective by Habibullah Peyman (1979). [94] [95]
Guru Gembul is known to question the background authenticity of Ba'alawi members. Al-Habib Bahar bin Smith, a Ba'Alwi, was criticized in a book because he incorrectly translated a number of hadiths. Guru Gembul also describes the hadiths Bahar spread to his followers as "weak" or "faint".
Electronic business (also known as online business or e-business) is any kind of business or commercial activity that includes sharing information across the internet. [1] Commerce constitutes the exchange of products and services between businesses, groups, and individuals; [ 2 ] and can be seen as one of the essential activities of any business.
Ulama and kyais, mostly wealthy landowners of rural area, were authoritative figures in this system, and santri (students) learned Islam through taqlid (rote learning) and kitab kuning. Distinct characteristics of traditionalism are based on such syncretism and rural communal dynamics. [1] [5]
[Note 2] (See organizational chart of the structure of Islam below in "Principles" section.) [7] [8] Mu'amalat provides much of the basis for Islamic economics , and the instruments of Islamic financing , and deals not only with Islamic legality but also social and economic repercussions and the rationale of its prohibitions (according to ...
Islamic neo-traditionalism is also known as Wasatism (Arabic: وسطية), and both terms are used interchangeably to refer to the strand of Islam which is the via media between traditional, textually-orientated strands such as Maddhabist traditionalism, Salafism and anti-traditional, culturally-orientated strands such as modernism and progressivism.
Modernism/Reformism in the Indonesian context is defined by its pure adherence toward the Qur'an and Hadith, promotion of ijtihad (individual reasoning), rejection of madh'hab (Islamic schools of jurisprudence) and as well as criticism against taqlid (imitation of judicial precedence) to religious scholars, Sufism, and vernacular traditions based on syncretism with local practices.
Islamic modernism is a movement that has been described as "the first Muslim ideological response to the Western cultural challenge", [Note 1] attempting to reconcile the Islamic faith with values perceived as modern such as democracy, civil rights, rationality, equality, and progress. [2]