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The following table lists many specialized symbols commonly used in modern mathematics, ordered by their introduction date. The table can also be ordered alphabetically by clicking on the relevant header title.
For example, in the expression 3(x+y) the parentheses are symbols of grouping, but in the expression (3, 5) the parentheses may indicate an open interval. The most common symbols of grouping are the parentheses and the square brackets, and the latter are usually used to avoid too many repeated parentheses.
The Encyclopedia of Mathematics [7] defines interval (without a qualifier) to exclude both endpoints (i.e., open interval) and segment to include both endpoints (i.e., closed interval), while Rudin's Principles of Mathematical Analysis [8] calls sets of the form [a, b] intervals and sets of the form (a, b) segments throughout.
√ (square-root symbol) Denotes square root and is read as the square root of. Rarely used in modern mathematics without a horizontal bar delimiting the width of its argument (see the next item). For example, √2. √ (radical symbol) 1. Denotes square root and is read as the square root of.
Glossary of mathematical symbols; List of logic symbols; Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering; List of letters used in mathematics and science; List of mathematical uses of Latin letters; Unicode subscripts and superscripts; Unicode symbols; CJK Compatibility Unicode symbols includes symbols for SI units
Square brackets are also often used in place of a second set of parentheses when they are nested—so as to provide a visual distinction. In mathematical expressions in general, parentheses are also used to indicate grouping (i.e., which parts belong together) when edible to avoid ambiguities and improve clarity.
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