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Phentermine is an norepinephrine and dopamine releasing agent (NDRA) and produces stimulant, rewarding, and appetite suppressant effects. [8] [9] [10] Chemically, it is a substituted amphetamine. [11] Phentermine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1959. [3] It is available as a generic medication. [3]
Adverse effects were less frequent with the combination regimen than with the other active (non-placebo) treatments. The authors felt that combining fenfluramine and phentermine capitalized on their pharmacodynamic differences, resulting in equivalent weight loss, fewer adverse effects, and better appetite control. [4]
Phentermine-topiramate XR has similar possible side effects to phentermine and users should be on contraception due to the risk of teratogenic effects of the medication. [ 6 ] Liraglutide and semaglutide are glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists which are approved for the treatment of obesity in adolescents 12 years and older.
Disulfiram-alcohol reaction (DAR) is the effect of the interaction in the human body of alcohol drunk with disulfiram or some types of mushrooms. [1] [2] The DAR is key to disulfiram therapy that is widely used for alcohol-aversive treatment and management of other addictions (e.g. cocaine [3] [4] use).
The reaction is the result of an accumulation of acetaldehyde, a metabolic byproduct of the catabolic metabolism of alcohol, and is caused by an aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 deficiency. [4] This syndrome has been associated with lower than average rates of alcoholism, possibly due to its association with adverse effects after drinking alcohol. [5]
The effect was first discovered accidentally in 1989, when a test of drug interactions with alcohol used grapefruit juice to hide the taste of the ethanol. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] A 2005 medical review advised patients to avoid all citrus juices until further research clarifies the risks. [ 11 ]
Common side effects include tingling, dizziness, trouble sleeping, and constipation. [3] Serious side effects may include suicide, abuse. [3] Use is not recommended during pregnancy. [1] Phentermine is a stimulant and appetite suppressant. [3] Topiramate is an anticonvulsant that has weight loss side effects. [3]
The term fetal alcohol effects (FAE) was used for alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder and alcohol-related birth defects. [1] It was initially used in research studies to describe humans and animals in whom teratogenic effects were seen after confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure (or unknown exposure for humans), but without obvious ...