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Flavius Josephus (c. 37–100 CE), the Romanized Jewish historian, describes Antigonus II Mattathias (c. 63–37 BCE) denigrating Herod—whose father's family were Idumean Arabs forcibly converted to Judaism by John Hyrcanus [68] and whose mother, according to Josephus, was non-Jewish (either an Idumean Arab [69] or Arabian (Nabatean-Arab) [70 ...
Jewish identity can be described as consisting of three interconnected parts: Jewish peoplehood, an ethnic identity composed of several subdivisions that evolved in the Diaspora. [9] Jewish religion, observance of spiritual and ritual tenets of Judaism. Jewish culture, celebration of traditions, secular and religious alike.
The Jewish people and the religion of Judaism are strongly interrelated. Converts to Judaism typically have a status within the Jewish ethnos equal to those born into it. [181] However, several converts to Judaism, as well as ex-Jews, have claimed that converts are treated as second-class Jews by many born Jews. [182]
According to Freeman, "the tribunals that adjudicate marital issues are by religious law and by custom entirely male." [291] " 'Men's superiority' is a fundamental tenet in Judaism", according to Irit Umanit. [292] According to Freeman, Likud party-led "governments have been less than hospitable to women's high-level participation." [293]
The matriarchs, also known as "the four mothers" (ארבע האמהות), are: [10] Sarah, the wife of Abraham; Rebekah, the wife of Isaac; Leah and Rachel, the wives of Jacob; Secondary matriarchs: Some Jewish sources list Bilhah and Zilpah (Jacob's concubines) as additional matriarchs, for a total of six matriarchs.
As opposed to the religion of Judaism and its formative role in shaping Jewish identity, and the slow formation of a sense of Jewish nationality from Ezra and Nehemiah down to the Hasmoneans [10] and onwards, [11] theories on the ethnic origins of Jews, and what constitutes ‘Jewish ness’ [12] [13] have been questioned and the traditional ...
A matriarchal religion is a religion that emphasizes a goddess or multiple goddesses as central figures of worship and spiritual authority. The term is most often used to refer to theories of prehistoric matriarchal religions that were proposed by scholars such as Johann Jakob Bachofen , Jane Ellen Harrison , and Marija Gimbutas , and later ...
This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict. In the late 19th century, amid attempts to apply science to notions of race, the founders of Zionism (Theodor Herzl and Max Nordau, among others) sought to reformulate conceptions of Jewishness in terms of racial identity and the "race science" of the time. They believed that this concept would ...