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  2. Penrose method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose_method

    The Penrose method (or square-root method) ... For example, if one state has 30% of the total voting weights while the threshold for decision making is at 29%, this ...

  3. Percentage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentage

    In general, if an increase of x percent is followed by a decrease of x percent, and the initial amount was p, the final amount is p (1 + 0.01 x)(1 − 0.01 x) = p (1 − (0.01 x) 2); hence the net change is an overall decrease by x percent of x percent (the square of the original percent change when expressed as a decimal number).

  4. Pareto principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_principle

    The Pareto principle may apply to fundraising, i.e. 20% of the donors contributing towards 80% of the total. The Pareto principle (also known as the 80/20 rule, the law of the vital few and the principle of factor sparsity [1] [2]) states that for many outcomes, roughly 80% of consequences come from 20% of causes (the "vital few").

  5. Standard deviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation

    An example is the mean absolute deviation, which might be considered a more direct measure of average distance, compared to the root mean square distance inherent in the standard deviation. Application examples

  6. Ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio

    The earliest discovered example, found by the Pythagoreans, is the ratio of the length of the diagonal d to the length of a side s of a square, which is the square root of 2, formally : =:. Another example is the ratio of a circle 's circumference to its diameter, which is called π , and is not just an irrational number , but a transcendental ...

  7. Mortgage and refinance rates for Nov. 26, 2024: Average rates ...

    www.aol.com/finance/mortgage-and-refinance-rates...

    The average rate for shorter 15-year terms is 6.30% for purchase and 6.30% for refinance, up 5 basis points from 6.25% for purchase and 4 basis points 6.26% for refinance this time last week.

  8. Standard error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_error

    An example of how is used is to make confidence intervals of the unknown population mean. If the sampling distribution is normally distributed , the sample mean, the standard error, and the quantiles of the normal distribution can be used to calculate confidence intervals for the true population mean.

  9. Total harmonic distortion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortion

    These can be distinguished as THD F (for "fundamental"), and THD R (for "root mean square"). [12] [13] THD R cannot exceed 100%. At low distortion levels, the difference between the two calculation methods is negligible. For instance, a signal with THD F of 10% has a very similar THD R of 9.95%. However, at higher distortion levels the ...