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The history of Sumer spans the 5th to 3rd millennia BCE in southern Mesopotamia, and is taken to include the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods. Sumer was the region's earliest known civilization and ended with the downfall of the Third Dynasty of Ur around 2004 BCE. It was followed by a transitional period of Amorite states before the rise of ...
The Indus Valley Civilization only flourished in its most developed form between 2400 and 1800 BC, but at the time of these exchanges, it was a much larger entity than the Mesopotamian civilization, covering an area of 1.2 million square kilometers with thousands of settlements, compared to an area of only about 65.000 square kilometers for the ...
Cuneiform clay tablets from the Amorite Kingdom of Mari, 1st half of the 2nd millennium BC. The Amorites (/ ˈ æ m ə ˌ r aɪ t s /; Sumerian: 𒈥𒌅 [1], romanized: MAR.TU; Akkadian: 𒀀𒈬𒊒𒌝, romanized: Amurrūm or 𒋾𒀉𒉡𒌝/𒊎 Tidnum; Hebrew: אֱמֹרִי, romanized: ʾĔmōrī; Koinē Greek: Ἀμορραῖοι) were an ancient Northwest Semitic-speaking Bronze Age ...
The Sumerians were firmly established in Mesopotamia by the middle of the 4th millennium BC, in the archaeological Uruk period, although scholars dispute when they arrived. [44] It is hard to tell where the Sumerians might have come from because the Sumerian language is a language isolate, unrelated to any other known language.
The Sumerian King List provides a tentative political history of ancient Sumer and mentions, among others, several rulers of Ur. Mesannepada is the first king mentioned in the Sumerian King List, and appears to have lived in the 26th century BC.
The Akkadian Empire (/ ə ˈ k eɪ d i ən /) [2] was the first known ancient empire of Mesopotamia, succeeding the long-lived civilization of Sumer.Centered on the city of Akkad (/ ˈ æ k æ d /) [3] and its surrounding region, the empire united Akkadian and Sumerian speakers under one rule and exercised significant influence across Mesopotamia, the Levant, and Anatolia, sending military ...
The Euphrates in Gaziantep Province, Turkey. The Euphrates (/ juːˈfreɪtiːz / ⓘ yoo-FRAY-teez; see below) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia. Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia (lit. 'the land between the rivers'). Originating in Turkey, the Euphrates ...
Mesopotamia[ a ] is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent. Today, Mesopotamia is known as present-day Iraq. [ 1 ][ 2 ] In the broader sense, the historical region of Mesopotamia also includes parts of present-day Iran, Turkey, Syria and Kuwait. [ 3 ][ 4 ...