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In theory, classic RNNs can keep track of arbitrary long-term dependencies in the input sequences. The problem with classic RNNs is computational (or practical) in nature: when training a classic RNN using back-propagation, the long-term gradients which are back-propagated can "vanish", meaning they can tend to zero due to very small numbers creeping into the computations, causing the model to ...
An LSTM unit contains three gates: An input gate, which controls the flow of new information into the memory cell; A forget gate, which controls how much information is retained from the previous time step; An output gate, which controls how much information is passed to the next layer. The equations for LSTM are: [2]
[7] [8] In 1933, Lorente de Nó discovered "recurrent, reciprocal connections" by Golgi's method, and proposed that excitatory loops explain certain aspects of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] During 1940s, multiple people proposed the existence of feedback in the brain, which was a contrast to the previous understanding of the neural ...
The first forward LSTM would process "bank" in the context of "She went to the", which would allow it to represent the word to be a location that the subject is going towards. The first backward LSTM would process "bank" in the context of "to withdraw money", which would allow it to disambiguate the word as referring to a financial institution.
Long-term memory (LTM) is the stage of the Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model in which informative knowledge is held indefinitely. It is defined in contrast to sensory memory, the initial stage, and short-term or working memory, the second stage, which persists for about 18 to 30 seconds.
English: A diagram for a one-unit Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). From bottom to top : input state, hidden state and cell state, output state. Gates are sigmoïds or hyperbolic tangents. Other operators : element-wise plus and multiplication. Weights are not displayed. Inspired from Understanding LSTM, Blog of C. Olah
Gated recurrent units (GRUs) are a gating mechanism in recurrent neural networks, introduced in 2014 by Kyunghyun Cho et al. [1] The GRU is like a long short-term memory (LSTM) with a gating mechanism to input or forget certain features, [2] but lacks a context vector or output gate, resulting in fewer parameters than LSTM. [3]
Connectionist temporal classification (CTC) is a type of neural network output and associated scoring function, for training recurrent neural networks (RNNs) such as LSTM networks to tackle sequence problems where the timing is variable.